References

In developing the San Diego 2050 report, our scientific working groups and report team consulted numerous scientific publications, reports, and other sources (listed below).

Ask a scientist!

If you have a question on the science in the report or would like to talk directly with a project scientist, please email climate@sandiego.edu.

Links to Other Reports and Websites

Local and State

California Climate Change Portal State of California
Resources and actions from the State of California to address climate change prevention and adaptation.

Reports on the Third Assessment California Climate Change Center
State of California collection of peer-reviewed papers on energy, water, agriculture, public health, coastal, transportation, and ecological resource sectors

Climate Change Reports & Data California Conservation Science Program
Reports related to climate change in California from the Nature Conservancy

Greenhouse Gas Reports Energy Policy Initiatives Center
Locally-focused greenhouse gas reports and more from the Energy Policy Initiatives Center at the University of San Diego

Thriving in a Hotter Los Angeles UCLA
UCLA program focused on Los Angeles to achieve 100% sustainability in energy, water and biodiversity by 2050

Southwest Region

Southwest Chapter (National Climate Assessment) U.S. Global Change Research Program
Federal report highlighting the impacts of climate change on the Southwest U.S. including reduced snowpack, threat to agriculture, increased wildfire, and coastal damage

Climate Impacts in the Southwest EPA
Overview of climate change impacts and adaptation in the Southwest, including water, nature, recreation, human health, agriculture, Native Americans, and energy

National and Global

Global Warming Overview Earth Observatory (NASA)
Overview of global warming from NASA

National Climate Assessment U.S. Global Change Research Program
Summary of the impacts of climate change on the U.S. from the federal government

What We Know American Association for the Advancement of Science
Report on the science of climate change from the world’s largest non-government general science membership organization

Climate.Gov NOAA
Website with reports and resources on climate from NOAA

Climate Change EPA
Climate change portal with national and global focus from the EPA; see Climate Change Indicators in the United States

Climate Change Communication Yale
Research on communicating climate change from Yale University

Latest News U.S. Global Change Research Program
Federal news and research on climate change

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
International report on the science of climate change; see Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis IPCC Working Group I, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability IPCC Working Group II, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change IPCC Working Group I

Additional publications

Local Overview of Climate Change

Anders, S.J. and N. Silva-Send, 2013: San Diego County Updated Greenhouse Gas Inventory. 8 pp, University of San Diego Energy Policy Initiatives Center.

California Department of Finance Demographic Research Unit, 2007: Population projections by race/ethnicity for California and its counties 2000-2050. Report 06 P-1.

Cayan, D., M. Tyree, M. Dettinger, H. Hidalgo, T. Das, E. Maurer, P. Bromirski, N. Graham, and R. Flick, 2009:Climate change scenarios and sea level rise estimated for the California 2009 climate change scenarios assessment. A final paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-014-F. 50 pp, California Energy Commission, California Ocean Protection Council, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Cayan, D.R., E.P. Maurer, M.D. Dettinger, M. Tyree, K. Hayhoe, 2007: Climate change scenarios for the California region. Climatic Change, 1-22, doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9377-6.

Cayan, D.R., A.L. Luers, G. Franco, M. Hanemann, B. Croes, and E. Vine, 2008: Overview of the California climate change scenarios project. Climatic Change, 87, (Suppl 1):S1–S6, doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9352-2.

Hayhoe, K., D. Cayan, C.B. Field, P.C. Frumhoff, E.P. Maurer, N.L. Miller, S.C. Moser, S.H. Schneider, K.N. Cahill, E.E. Cleland, L. Daleg, R. Drapek, R.M. Hanemann, L.S. Kalkstein, J. Lenihan, C.K. Lunch, R.P. Neilson, S.C. Sheridan, and J.H. Verville, 2004: Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 12422–12427, doi: 0.1073/pnas.0404500101.

Messner, S., S.C. Miranda, E. Young, N. Hedge, 2011: Climate change-related impacts in the San Diego region by 2050. Climatic Change, 109, (Suppl 1):S505–S531, doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0316-1.

Messner, S., S.C. Miranda, K. Green, C. Phillips, J. Dudley, D. Cayan, and E. Young, 2009: Climate change-related impacts in the San Diego region by 2050. A final paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-027-F. 51 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Moser, S., J. Ekstrom, and G. Franco, 2012: Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability & Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. A summary report on on the Third Assessment from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2012-007. 15 pp, California Energy Commission, Natural Resources Agency.

Temperature and Precipitation

California Climate Action Team, 2013: Preparing California for Extreme Heat: Guidance and Recommendations. 24 pp, California Environmental Protection Agency, California Department of Public Health.

Das, T., M.D. Dettinger, D.R. Cayan, and H.G. Hidalgo, 2011: Potential increase in floods in California’s Sierra Nevada under future climate projections. Climatic Change, 109, (Suppl 1):S71–S94, doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0298-z.

Dettinger, M.D., F.M. Ralph, M. Hughes, T. Das, P. Neiman, D. Cox, G. Estes, D. Reynolds, R. Hartman, D. Cayan, and L. Jones, 2011: Design and quantiﬁcation of an extreme winter storm scenario for emergency preparedness and planning exercises in California. Natural Hazards, 60, 1085-1111, doi: 10.1007/s11069-011-9894-5.

Dutzik, T., E. Ridlington, T. Van Heeke, and N. Wilcox, 2013: In the Path of the Storm: Global Warming, Extreme Weather and the Impacts of Weather-Related Disasters in the United States from 2007 to 2012. 54 pp, Environment California Research & Policy Center, Frontier Group.

Gershunov, A. and K. Guirguis: California heat waves in the present and future. 22 pp, University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute of Oceanography.

Gershunov, A., D.R. Cayan, and S.F. Iacobellis, 2009: The Great 2006 Heat Wave over California and Nevada: Signal of an Increasing Trend. Journal of Climate, 22, 6181-6203, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2465.1.

Gershunov, A., M. Dettinger, E. Maurer, M. Mastrandrea, A. Hall, N. Miller, L. Sloan, K. Redmond, G. Franco, R. Webb, D. Pierce, D. Cayan, and K. Guirguis. Expected changes in key weather-related extreme events in California. 13 pp.

Guirguis, K., A. Gershunov, R. Schwartz, and S. Bennett. Recent warm and cold daily winter temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere. 16 pp, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048762.

Madsen, T. and N. Wilcox, 2012: When it Rains, it Pours: Global Warming and the Increase in Extreme Precipitation from 1948 to 2011. 43 pp, Environment California Research & Policy Center, Frontier Group.

Mastrandrea, M.D., C. Tebaldi, C.P. Snyder, S.H. Schneider, 2009: Current and future impacts of extreme events in California. A White paper from the California Energy Commission's California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-026-F. 71 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Pierce, D.W., T. Das, D.R. Cayan, E.P. Maurer, N.L. Miller, Y. Bao, M. Kanamitsu, K. Yoshimura, M.A. Snyder, L.C. Sloan, G. Franco, and M. Tyree, 2012: Probabilistic estimates of future changes in California temperature and precipitation using statistical and dynamical downscaling. Climate Dynamics, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1337-9.

Polade, S.D., A. Gershunov, D.R. Cayan, M.D. Dettinger, and D.W. Pierce, 2013: Natural climate variability and teleconnections to precipitation over the Paciﬁc-North American region in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1-6, doi: 10.1002/grl.50491.

Water Resources

Barnett, T.P., D.W. Pierce, H.G. Hidalgo, C. Bonfils, B.D. Santer, T. Das, G. Bala, A.W. Wood, T. Nozawa, A.A. Mirin, D.R. Cayan, and M.D. Dettinger, 2008: Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the western United States. Science, 319, 1080-1083.

Bonfils, C., B.D. Santer, D.W. Pierce, H.G. Hidalgo, G. Bala, T. Das, T.P. Barnett, D.R. Cayan, C. Doutriaux, A.W. Wood, A. Mirin, and T. Nozawa, 2008: Detection and Attribution of Temperature Changes in the Mountainous Western United States. Journal of Climate, 21, 6404-6424, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2397.1.

Cayan, D.R., T. Das, D.W. Pierce, T.P. Barnett, M. Tyree, and A. Gershunov, 2010: Future dryness in the southwest US and the hydrology of the early 21st century drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 21271-21276, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912391107.

Christensen, N., A.W. Wood, N. Voisin, D.P. Lettenmaier, and R.N. Palmer, 2004: The effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River basin. Climatic Change, 62, 337-363.

Christensen, N.S. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2007: A multimodel ensemble approach to assessment of climate change impacts on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River Basin.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1417-1434.

Cohen, R., B. Nelson, and G. Wolff, 2004: Energy Down the Drain: The Hidden Costs of California's Water Supply. 78 pp, Natural Resources Defense Council, Pacific Institute.

Dettinger, M.D., F.M. Ralph, T. Das, P.J. Neiman, and D.R. Cayan, 2011: Atmospheric rivers, floods and the water resources of California. Water, 3, 445-478, doi: 10.3390/w3020445.

Dettinger, M.D., W. Bennett, D. Cayan, J. Florsheim, M. Hughes, B.L. Ingram, A. Jassby, N. Knowles, F. Malamud-Roam, D. Peterson, K. Redmond, and L. Smith, 2003: Climate science issues and needs of the CALFED Bay-Delta program. 4 pp, American Meteorological Society.

Maurer, E.P., H.G. Hidalgo, T. Das, M.D. Dettinger, and D.R. Cayan, 2010: The utility of daily large-scale climate data in the assessment of climate change impacts on daily streamﬂow in California.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14, 1125-1138, doi: 10.5194/hess-14-1125-2010.

Milly, P.C.D., K.A. Dunne, and A.V. Vecchia, 2005: Global pattern of trends in streamﬂow and water availability in a changing climate. NATURE, 438, 347-350, doi: 10.1038/nature04312.

Pierce, D.W., T.P. Barnett, H.G. Hidalgo, T. Das, C. Bonfils, B.D. Santer, G. Bala, M.D. Dettinger, D.R. Cayan, A. Mirin, A.W. Wood, and T. Nozawa, 2008: Attribution of declining western U.S. snowpack to human effects. Journal of Climate, 21, 6425-6444, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2405.1.

San Diego County Water Authority: Imported Supplies. Retrieved from http://www.sdcwa.org/imported-supplies.

San Diego County Water Authority: San Diego County’s water sources. Retrieved from http://www.sdcwa.org/san-diego-county-water-sources.

Seager, R., M. Ting, I. Held, Y. Kushnir, J. Lu, G. Vecchi, H.P. Huang, N. Harnik, A. Leetmaa, N.C. Lau, C. Li, J. Velez, and N. Naik, 2007: Model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern North America. Science, 1-10, doi: 10.1126/science.1139601.

Tapash, D., D.W. Pierce, D.R. Cayan, J.A. Vano, and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2011: The importance of warm season warming to western U.S. streamflow changes. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, 1-5, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049660.

Coastal Flooding

Cayan, D., M. Tyree, M. Dettinger, H. Hidalgo, T. Das, E. Maurer, P. Bromirski, N. Graham, and R. Flick, 2009:Climate change scenarios and sea level rise estimates for the California 2009 climate change scenarios assessment. A final paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-014-F. 50 pp, California Energy Commission, California Ocean Protection Council, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Cayan, D., P. Bromirski, K. Hayhoe, M. Tyree, M. Dettinger, and R. Flick, 2006: Projecting future sea level. A White paper from the California Energy Commission's California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2005-202-SF. 53 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Cayan, D.R., P.D. Bromirski, K. Hayhoe, M. Tyree, M.D. Dettinger, and R.E. Flick, 2007: Climate change projections of sea level extremes along the California coast. Climatic Change, 87, (Suppl 1):S57–S73, doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9376-7.

Committee on Sea Level Rise in California, Oregon, and Washington, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Ocean Studies Board, 2012: Sea-level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press.

King, P.G., A.R. McGregor, and J.D. Whittet: The economic costs of sea-level rise to California beach communities. A paper from the California Department of Boating and Waterways and San Francisco State University. 82 pp, California Department of Boating and Waterways, San Francisco State University.

Rahmstorf, S., 2007: A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science, 315, 368-370, doi: 10.1126/science.1135456.

Russell, N. and G. Griggs, 2012: Adapting to Sea Level Rise: A Guide for California’s Coastal Communities. A guidebook from the California Energy Commission’s Public Interest Environmental Research Program. 49 pp, California Energy Commission.

Wildfires

Brown, T.J., B.L. Hall, and A.L. Westerling, 2004: The Impact of Twenty-First Century Climate Change on Wildland Fire Danger in the Western United States: An Applications Perspective. Climatic Change,62, 365-388.

Bryant, B. and A. Westerling, 2009: Potential effects of climate change on residential wildfire risk in California. A paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-048-D. 25 pp + Appendices, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Gude, P.H., J.A. Cookson, M.C. Greenwood, and M. Haggerty: Homes in Wildfire-Prone Areas: An Empirical Analysis of Wildfire Suppression Costs and Climate Change. A peer reviewed paper in preparation for journal submission from Headwater Economics. 22 pp, Headwater Economics.

Headwater Economics, 2009: Solutions to the rising costs of fighting fires in the wildland-urban interface. A White paper from Headwater Economics. 63 pp, Headwater Economics.

Keeley, J.E. and P.H. Zedler, 2009: Large, high-intensity ﬁre events in southern California shrublands: debunking the ﬁne-grain age patch model. Ecological Applications, 19, 69-94.

Keeley, J.E., A.D. Syphard, and C.J. Fotheringham: The 2003 and 2007 Wildfires in Southern California.Natural Disasters and Adaptation to Climate Change, 42-52.

Miller, N.L. and N.J. Schlegel, 2006: Climate change-projected Santa Ana fire weather occurrence. A White paper from the California Energy Commission's California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2005-204-SF. 11 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Minnich, R.A. and E. Franco-Vizcaino, 2009: A probabilistic view of chaparral and forest fire regimes in southern California and northern Baja California. Developments in Environmental Science, 8, 339-364, doi:10.1016/S1474-8177(08)00016-8.

Rahn, M., 2009: Wildfire Impact Analysis. Fire Impact Analysis, 1-15.

San Diego Institute for Policy Research, 2007: Economic costs of the October 2007 fires to San Diego County exceed $2 billion. A Policy Brief from the San Diego Institute for Policy Research. 2 pp, San Diego Institute for Policy Research.

Syphard, A.D. , J.E. Keeley, A.B. Massada, T.J. Brennan, and V.C. Radeloff, 2012: Housing arrangement and location determine the likelihood of housing loss due to wildfire. PLoS ONE, 7, 1-13, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033954.

Syphard, A.D., A.B. Massada, V. Butsic, and J.E. Keeley, 2013: Land Use Planning and Wildfire: Development Policies Influence Future Probability of Housing Loss. PLoS ONE, 8, 1-12, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071708.

Syphard, A.D., V.C. Radeloff, N.S. Keuler, R.S. Taylor, T.J. Hawbaker, S.I. Stewart, and M.K. Clayton, 2008:Predicting spatial patterns of ﬁre on a southern California landscape. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 602-613, doi: 10.1071/WF07087.

Nature's Benefits

Bruzgul, J. and T.L. Root, 2010: Temperature and long-term breeding trends in California birds: Using an undervalued historical database. A final project report from the California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research Program. Publication number: CEC-500-2010-002. 33 pp, California Energy Commission.

Galbraith, H., R. Jones, R. Park, J. Clough, S. Herrod-Julius, B. Harrington, and G. Page, 2002: Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds. Waterbirds,25, 173-183.

Harley, C.D.G., A.R. Hughes, K.M. Hultgren, B.G. Miner, C.J.B. Sorte, C.S. Thornber, L.F. Rodriguez, L. Tomanek, and S.L. Williams, 2006: The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecology Letters, 9, 228-241, doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x.

Hollowed, A.B., R.J. Beamish, T.A. Okey, and M.J. Schirripa, 2008: Forecasting climate impacts on future production of commercially exploited fish and shellfish. 101 pp, PICES Scientific Report No. 34.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board, 2005: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. 137 pp, Washington D.C.: Island Press.

Parmesan, C., 2006: Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37, 637-669, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100.

Preston, K.L., and J.T. Rotenberry, 2007: California State Department of Transportation and Center for Conservation Biology: WRC MSCHP Niche Model Task Order. 212 pp + appendices, Center for Conservation Biology, UC Riverside.

Principe, Z., J.B. MacKenzie, B. Cohen, J.M. Randall, W. Tippets, T. Smith, and S.A. Morrison, 2013: 50-year climate scenarios and plant species distribution forecasts for setting conservation priorities in southwestern California. 43 pp, The Nature Conservancy of California.

Raheem, N., J. Talberth, S. Colt, E. Fleishman, P. Swedeen, K.J. Boyle, M. Rudd, R.D. Lopez, T. O'Higgins, C. Willer, and R.M. Boumans, 2009: The Economic Value of Coastal Ecosystems in California. 43 pp, United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Scavia, D., J.C. Field, D.F. Boesch, R.W. Buddemeier, V. Burkett, D.R. Cayan, M. Fogarty, M.A. Harwell, R.W. Howarth, C. Mason, D.J. Reed, T.C. Royer, A.H. Sallenger, and J.G. Titus, 2002: Climate change impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries, 25, 149-164.

Health

Bassil, K.L., and D.C. Cole, 2010: Effectiveness of Public Health Interventions in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality during Heat Episodes: a Structured Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 991-1001, doi: 10.3390/ijerph7030991.

Basu, R. and B. Ostro, 2009: A multi-county analysis identifying the vulnerable populations for mortality associated with high ambient temperature in California. A final paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-035-F. 11 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Bernard, S.M., J.M. Samet, A. Grambsch, K.L. Ebi, and I. Romieu, 2001: The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 199-209.

Buscail, Camille, E. Upegui, and J.F. Viel, 2012: Mapping heatwave health risk at the community level for public health action. International Journal of Health Geographics, 11, 1-9, doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-11-38.

Drechsler, D.M. and the California Air Resources Board, 2009: Climate change and public health in California. A final paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-034-F. 65 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Green, R., R. Basu, B. Malig, R. Broadwin, J. Kim, and B. Ostro, 2009: The effect of temperature on hospital admissions in nine California counties. A final paper from the California Climate Change Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-037-F. 15 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Gubler, D.J., P. Reiter, K.L. Ebi, W. Yap, R. Nasci, and J.A. Patz, 2001: Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector-and rodent-borne diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 223-233.

Hajat, S., S.C. Sheridan, M.J. Allen, M. Pascal, K. Laaidi, A. Yagouti, U. Bickis, A. Tobias, D. Bourque, B.G. Armstrong, and T. Kosatsky, 2010: Heat–health warning systems: A comparison of the predictive capacity of different approaches to identifying dangerously hot days. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1137-1144, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169748.

Hondula, D.M., R.E. Davis, M.J. Leisten, M.V. Saha, L.M. Veazey, and C.R. Wegner, 2012: Fine-scale spatial variability of heat-related mortality in Philadelphia County, USA, from 1983-2008: a case-series analysis. Environmental Health, 11, 1-11, doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-16.

Huang, Cunrui, A.G. Barnett, X. Wang, P. Vaneckova, G. FitzGerald, and S. Tong, 2011: Projecting Future Heat-Related Mortality under Climate Change Scenarios: A Systematic Review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1681-1690.

Knowlton, K., M. Rotkin-Ellman, G. King, H.G. Margolis, D. Smith, G. Solomon, R. Trent, and P. English, 2009:The 2006 California heat wave: impacts on hospitalization and emergency department visits.Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 61-67, doi: 10.1289/ehp.11594.

Künzli, N., E. Avol, J. Wu, W.J. Gauderman, E. Rappaport, J. Millstein, J. Bennion, R. McConnell, F.D. Gilliland, K. Berhane, F. Lurmann, A. Winer, and J.M. Peters, 2006: Health effects of the 2003 southern California wildfires on children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 174, 1221-1228, doi: 10.1164/rccm.200604-519OC.

Laaidi K., A. Zeghnoun, B. Dousset, P. Bretin, S. Vandentorren, E. Giraudet, and P. Beaudeau, 2012: The impact of heat islands on mortality in Paris during the August 2003 heat wave. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 254-259.

Lang, J.D., 2004: Rodent-flea-plague relationships at the higher elevations of San Diego County, California. Journal of Vector Ecology, 29, 236-247.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board, 2005: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. 137 pp, Washington D.C.: Island Press.

Nassar, A.A., R.D. Childs, M.E. Boyle, K.A. Jameson, M. Fowke, K.R. Waters, M.J. Hovan, and C.B. Cook, 2010:Diabetes in the Desert: What Do Patients Know about the Heat?. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 4, 1156-1163.

Nitschke, M., G.R. Tucker, A.L. Hansen, S. Williams, Y. Zhang, and P. Bi, 2011: Impact of two recent extreme heat episodes on morbidity and mortality in Adelaide, South Australia: a case-series analysis. Environmental Health, 10, 1-9, doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-42.

O’Neilla, M.S., R. Carter, J.K. Kisha, C.J. Gronlunda, J.L. White-Newsomea, X. Manarollab, A. Zanobettic, and J.D. Schwartz, 2009: Preventing heat-related morbidity and mortality: New approaches in a changing climate. Maturitas, 64, 98-103, doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.005.

Ostro, B.D., L.A. Roth, R.S. Green, and R. Basu, 2009: Estimating the mortality effect of the July 2006 California heat wave. A paper from the California Climate Changer Center. Publication number: CEC-500-2009-036-D. 13 pp, California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.

Patz, J.A., D. Campbell-Lendrum, T. Holloway, and J.A. Foley, 2005: Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438, 310-317, doi:10.1038/nature04188.

Perry, A.G., M.J. Korenberg, G.G. Hall, and K.M. Moore, 2011: Modeling and syndromic surveillance for estimating weather-induced heat-related illness. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2011, 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2011/750236.

Reisen, W.K., D. Cayan, M. Tyree, C.M. Barker, B. Eldridge, and M. Dettinger, 2007: Impact of climate variation on mosquito abundance in California. Journal of Vector Ecology, 33, 89-98.

Rocklov, J., A.G. Barnett, and A. Woodward, 2012: On the estimation of heat-intensity and heat-duration effects in time series models of temperature-related mortality in Stockholm, Sweden.Environmental Health, 11, 1-12, doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-23.

Schaffer, A., D. Muscatello, R. Broome, S. Corbett, and W. Smith, 2012: Emergency department visits, ambulance calls, and mortality associated with an exceptional heat wave in Sydney, Australia, 2011: a time-series analysis. Environmental Health, 11, 1-8, doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-3.

Ye, Xiaofang,R. Wolff, W. Yu, P. Vaneckova, X. Pan, and S. Tong, 2012: Ambient Temperature and Morbidity: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 19-28.

Zanobettia, A., M.S. O’Neill, C.J. Gronlund, and J.D. Schwartz, 2012: Summer temperature variability and long-term survival among elderly people with chronic disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 6608-6613, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1113070109.

Publications on Multiple Effects

U.S. Climate Change Science Program, 2007: Effects of climate change on energy production and use in the United States. A report from the U.S. Climate Change Science Program's Synthesis and Assessment Products. 129 pp, U.S. Climate Change Science Program.

San Diego, 2050 is Calling.